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Salivary Insulin
Insulin, a core anabolic peptide hormone, is responsible for regulating the metabolism of nutrients such as glucose and fatty acids to promote their absorption into fat, liver, and skeletal muscle cells. It also suppresses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids. Circulating insulin levels stimulate cellular glucose oxidation, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and proteogenesis to maintain glucose […]
Salivary Estrone
Estrone (3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one; E1) is one of the three main estrogenic steroid hormones produced in humans. Circulating estrone levels are relatively high at birth in both males and females, decrease postnatally, and increase during puberty. (1) Of the three major estrogens, estrone is predominant after menopause in women. (1)
Salivary Estriol
Estriol (1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,16α,17β-triol; E3) is a female sex steroid hormone largely associated with pregnancy and fetal development. Fetal adrenal DHEA-S is metabolized in the fetal liver to 16α-hydroxy-DHEA-S, which is then converted to estriol in the placenta. (1,2) By the second trimester, about 90% of the estriol produced is derived from this fetal adrenal DHEA-S. (2) […]
Salivary Estradiol
Estradiol is one of the three main estrogenic steroid hormones present in humans. It is the most active naturally secreted estrogen. (1) In menstruating women, estradiol is produced primarily by the ovarian follicles from testosterone, with additional amounts produced by extraglandular conversion of testosterone in peripheral tissues. (1,2,3,4) Concentrations peak mid-cycle, marking ovulation, followed by […]
Salivary DHEA-S
DHEA-S is a steroid hormone produced primarily in the adrenal cortex. It is the sulfated version of the human steroid DHEA, and, like DHEA, it is secreted in response to ACTH. DHEA-S has been reported to have a diurnal rhythm, but the findings have varied, and some studies found no variation. (1) DHEA-S in the blood […]
Salivary DHEA
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid hormone produced principally in the adrenal cortex. In men, it is estimated that 10-25% of the circulating DHEA is secreted by the testes. (1) DHEA and its sulfated analog DHEA-S serve primarily as precursors that circulate to peripheral tissues, where they are converted to androgens and estrogens. (1,2) This allows […]
Salivary Cytokine Panel
The expanded Salimetrics Cytokine Panel provides researchers the flexibility to measure 4 core cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 & TNF-α) levels in saliva samples – plus, up to 8 additional cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-5, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, and IL-17A). Researchers now have the capacity to customize a panel that fits their research question. Salivary cytokine […]
Salivary Cotinine
When nicotine from tobacco smoke is taken into the lungs and enters the bloodstream, the principle metabolite produced in the liver is cotinine. Cotinine diffuses easily from blood into saliva, and salivary cotinine and blood levels are highly correlated. (1) Cotinine in saliva has a longer half-life than nicotine (more than 10 hours), and the […]
Salivary C-Reactive Protein
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) circulates in the blood plasma as a stable homopentamer and a prominent member of the acute-phase inflammatory proteins. CRP functions mainly in innate immune defense and levels increase in response to inflammation, infection, tissue damage, necrosis, malignancy and allergic reactions (1). CRP has diagnostic value as a marker of systemic inflammation in […]
Salivary Androstenedione
Androstenedione (4-androstenedione; 4-dione; 4-androstene-3,17-dione) is a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads. (1,2,3) It is synthesized from DHEA or 17OH-progesterone, and it serves principally as the immediate precursor compound that is converted into testosterone or estrone, both of which may then be further converted into estradiol. (4) The same sequence of conversion of DHEA and androstenedione […]
Salivary Alpha-Amylase
Alpha-Amylase (or α-Amylase) is a digestive enzyme that hydrolyses alpha-1,4 bonds of large polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen, yielding the smaller by-products of glucose and maltose. (1) Alpha amylase is synthesized in the acinar cells of the saliva glands and stored in secretory granules inside these cells. (2) Its release from the salivary cells […]
Salivary Aldosterone
Recent studies have shown that primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension with a prevalence of approximately 5-10% among all hypertensive patients and an even higher prevalence among selected patients with advanced stages of hypertension and resistant hypertension. (1) Screening for PA among hypertensive patients is important due to its association with risk […]
Salivary 17 Alpha-OHP
17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OH progesterone or 17OHP) is a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland and gonads. (1,2,3) It is synthesized from progesterone, and it serves primarily as a precursor compound that is converted into cortisol in the adrenal gland, or into androgenic and estrogenic steroid hormones in the gonads. (3,4) 17-OHP is routinely used for […]
Salivary Cortisol
Cortisol (hydrocortisone, Compound F) is the major glucocorticosteroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex. Cortisol is actively involved in the regulation of calcium absorption, blood pressure maintenance, anti-inflammatory function, gluconeogenesis, gastric acid, pepsin secretion, and immune function. (1,2,3) Cortisol production has a circadian rhythm. (4) Levels peak in the early morning and drop to the […]